Pope Francis’ recent hospitalization for treatment of bronchitis on February 14, 2025, has raised important questions about the governance of the Vatican during such times of crisis. Almost two weeks after his admission to Rome’s Gemelli Hospital, the Holy Father contracted a case of double pneumonia, which led to a “respiratory crisis” on Saturday. Despite these health challenges, doctors have indicated that Pope Francis will remain in the hospital due to his “complex” medical situation.
In light of the pope’s extended stay, many Catholics might wonder: Who runs the Vatican while the pope is incapacitated or unable to perform his duties? As one of the most influential figures in the world, his absence from daily activities may cause some uncertainty about the functioning of the Vatican’s operations.
Matthew Bunson, vice president and editorial director of EWTN News, shared his insights, emphasizing that although Pope Francis has been ill, he has continued to maintain at least some oversight of Vatican affairs. Bunson pointed to reports from ACI Stampa, CNA’s Italian-language news partner, which indicated that the pope met with his secretaries at Gemelli Hospital while recovering. “So he’s clearly still in touch with the Vatican and is still making decisions,” Bunson said.
The daily functioning of the Vatican has not come to a halt. Bunson noted, “the machinery of state tends to keep functioning until such time as we enter into an interregnum,” referring to the period between the death of a pope and the election of a new one. Andreas Widmer, an associate professor at The Catholic University of America and former Swiss Guard, further elaborated, stating that Vatican officials continue to keep the pope informed during his illness. “Things keep going. He is kept appraised by [Vatican officials],” Widmer said, emphasizing that despite the pope’s health issues, he still plays an active role, even if not at full capacity. “Maybe he doesn’t put in his 12-hour days, but he’s putting in work and meeting with people,” he added.
This situation is not unprecedented. Historically, popes have made provisions in case of their incapacitation. For instance, in 1965, Pope Paul VI wrote to the dean of the College of Cardinals, instructing that he should be considered resigned if he became unable to serve. Although Pope Paul VI lived another 13 years before passing away, the scenario highlighted the seriousness with which popes approach such matters. Pope Francis himself has addressed this topic in the past, revealing that during the first year of his pontificate, he signed a resignation letter to be used in case of medical incapacity. “I don’t know who Cardinal Bertone gave it to, but I gave it to him when he was secretary of state,” Pope Francis humorously recalled. However, in his biography, Pope Francis reaffirmed his belief that the Petrine ministry is a lifelong commitment, considering resignation only in the case of serious physical impairment.
Even in moments of uncertainty, Bunson noted that the Roman Curia, the administrative body of the Vatican, continues to operate as normal. This stands in contrast to the preparations made for a possible interregnum. “Clearly we’re not in that position yet,” he remarked, emphasizing that the Vatican remains functional despite the pope’s illness.
Should a pope pass away, certain Vatican officials retain their roles to ensure continuity. The camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, for example, certifies the pope’s death and manages the interregnum. “It’s his job to certify the death of the reigning pope and to make sure the wishes of the pope are respected,” Bunson explained. The heads of other key offices, such as the Apostolic Penitentiary and the papal almoner, also retain their positions in order to ensure the smooth functioning of the Church’s spiritual needs.
Finally, Widmer dismissed rumors circulating in the media regarding the Swiss Guard “rehearsing” for the pope’s funeral. “It’s complete garbage,” he stated, clarifying that the Swiss Guard is always prepared for such events as part of their regular duties. “Nobody has to practice anything. It’s what they do for a living.”
While the Vatican continues its regular operations during Pope Francis’ hospitalization, the faithful can take comfort knowing that the Church’s leadership remains strong and steady, guided by experienced and dedicated officials who ensure the ongoing mission of the Catholic Church.
